| Year | 2020 |
| Medium | Essay |
Always Already Programming is a short essay arguing that everyone who interacts with computers has, in important ways, always already been programming them. Every time you make a folder or rename a file, moving the mouse and clicking buttons translate into text-based commands and scripts, and eventually into binary. The division between "user" and "programmer" is not neutral: it is reinforced by a tech industry that benefits from a population rendered computationally passive, and accepting the role of less agency makes it harder to come into more.
I wrote it out of how I teach computation and published it as a plain text file on GitHub. It has since circulated widely and been cited in many academic papers.